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The Nobel Prizes Affecting Our Life (II)
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2007-9-14
Year 1939 USA Ernest Orlando Lawrence invented and developed the world first cyclotron. This kind of cyclotron can be applied either to nuclear experiment or to earlier particle physical experiment, for this reason, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics 1939.
Year 1939 Since Gerhard Domagk published his drug experimental reports in 1935, it triggered a series of inventions of sulfa drugs. Since then sulfa drugs became the effective medicines to the treatment of human streptococcus infected diseases. In 1939, Gerhard Domagk was nominated by physicians from USA, France and UK and finally awarded with the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1939. When Gerhard Domagk replied with his wish to accept this honor, Hitler's Gestapo arrested him. He was retained to get this honor in own presence to Stockholm until the ending of World War II.
Year 1945 Before the discovery of sulfa drugs, penicillin was discovered by British bacteriologist Alexander Fleming as early as in 1928. In 1938, University of Oxford pathologists Howard Walter Florey and pathochemist Ernst Boris Chain worked together on the research and development of penicillin, and eventually made success with initial penicillin products in 1940. Through a series of interim animal experiments, it proved that penicillin indeed had special treatment effect against staphylococcus, streptococcus and other bacteria infected diseases. In 1941, penicillin clinic application proved successful and penicillin was brought into industrial production since 1943. In 1945, the Nobel Foundation awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945 to the three merits who discovered penicillin: Alexander Fleming, Howard Walter Florey and Ernst Boris Chain. The great contribution to human kind will never be forgotten by the world.
Year 1952 Except for our memory of the three merits who discovered penicillin, the other hero for the development of bacteriophage deserved our permanent memory is microbiologist American Selman Abraham Waksman. In 1939, Waksman discovered a kind of streptomycin from soil. Through experimental researches, he discovered that this kind of streptomycin had strong functions in restricting and killing tubercle bacillus. Tubercle bacillus is the root pathogenic bacteria causing tuberculosis, and at that time, penicillin being put into clinic application purpose had no use to kill tubercle bacillus. In this circumstance, the invention and development of streptomycin became the most effective bacteriophage for the treatment of tuberculosis; and Waksman won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952 for his remarkable discovery.
Year 1954 In 1948, USA physician John Franklin Enders worked together with his two assistants Thomas Huckle Weller and Frederick Chapman Robbins and successfully invented a simple method to cultivate poliomyelitis viruses in test tube. By borrowing the method developed by Enders and his assistants, Dr. Jonas Salk and Sabin successfully developed "Salk Vaccin" and "Sabin Vaccin" for the prevention from infantile paralysis. Since then, human being successfully walked out the threatening of infantile paralysis. In recognition of the pioneer contribution made by John Franklin Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller and Frederick Chapman Robbins, the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine 1954 was awarded to these three merits.
Year 1956 USA experimental physicists John Bardeen, William Bradford Shockley and Walter Houser Brattain shared the Nobel Prize in Physics 1956 in recognition of their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect, by which they placed the foundation for semiconductor physics.
Year 1961 In late 1950s, USA biochemist Melvin Clavin discovered the laws of plant photosynthesis named "Clavin Cycle" after him, i.e., the cyclic process of chloroplast to convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrate in organism through photosynthesis. He is the first person to disclose the very fundamental life process of the nature and his discovery of carbon dioxide assimilation in plants has a great significance to the research on the origin of life. Also for this remarkable discovery, Melvin Calvin won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1961.
Year 1962 By borrowing some experimental results made by Ms. Franklin and Wilkins, USA biologist James Dewey Watson and British biophysicist Francis Harry Compton Crick finally made success in discovering DNA double helix structure. The discovery of DNA double helix structure is an epochmaking achievement in the history of modern biology. James Dewey Watson, Francis Harry Compton Crick and Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962 for their discoveries of DNA double helix structure.
Year 1963 Germany chemist Karl Ziegler and Italian chemist Giulio Natta shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1963 for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers.
Year 1964 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin determined accurately the molecular structure of vitamin B12 in 1956. Soon after she successfully realized the artificial synthesis of vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 is a kind of effective drug against pernicious anemia. Due to the great significance of these two achievements, Hodgkin won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964, and her name was permanently recorded in the history of the Nobel Prizes as fewer female winners.
Year 1968 At the 300th anniversary of the Sweden Bank, the Sweden Bank made its decision to place a donation for the establishment of the Nobel Prize in Economics. Except for the cash award that is provided by the Sweden Bank, others including the amount of cash award, rules and procedures of assessment are remained no change similar to other Nobel prizes. After one year's preparation, the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences ceremoniously held its first award ceremony of the first Nobel Prize in Economics on December 10, 1969. Norwegian economist Ragnar Frisch and the Netherlands economist Jan Tinbergen shared the very first Nobel Prize in Economics.
Year 1969 In 1952, a team formed by USA geneticist Max Delbr¨¹ck, Alfred D. Hershey and Italian biologist Salvador E. Luria carried out the famous bacteriophage experiment, proving that DNA is the material carrier of generic information. This remarkable experiment directly resulted in the discovery of DNA double helix structure, which placed a foundation for the development of molecular genetics even the entire molecular biology. In recognition this achievement, Delbr¨¹ck, Hershey and Luria shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969.
Year 1979 The discovery of CT scanner represents the most important monumental advancement in the human history of instrument diagnose technology development. In 1955, USA physicist Allan M. Cormack revealed his preliminary working principle and design framework. This was also known as the preliminary blueprint of CT scanner. A British electronic engineer named Godfrey N. Hounsfield started his experiments and development based on the blueprint designed by Cormack. Through over a decade's effort, he successful invented and developed the world first CT scanner. Cormack and Hounsfield shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979 for the development of computer assisted tomography.
Year 1980 British biologist Frederick Sanger won the second time of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his contributions concerning the determination of RNA¡¯s various basic group and DNA¡¯s nucleotide sequence.
Year 1990 Since early 1960s, USA physician E. Donnall Thomas made unremitting efforts in finding a way to cure leukemia by bone marrow transplantation, by which he made a crucial step towards the treatment of human diseases. E. Donnall Thomas for this reason and Joseph E. Murray-the father of American kidney transplantation operation shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990.
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Organizer:
Beijing Municipal Association for Science & Technology
Undertaker: Beijing Science & Technology
Consulting Center,
Information Center of Beijing Municipal Association for
Science & Technology |
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