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The Nobel Prizes Affecting Our Life (I)
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2007-9-13
Year1901 Germany famous experimental physicist Wilhelm Conrad R?ntgen was fortunate to be the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Physic in 1901. In November 1895, R?ntgen discovered a kind of ray in cathode ray which was unknown but had powerful penetrability when he was carrying out his experiment with cathode ray tube. This kind of ray is able to penetrate through 1000-page thickness book, 3cm thickness wooden plate or 15mm thickness aluminum plate. For preparing his experimental report, R?ntgen photographed his wife's hand bone imaged by this kind of ray. R?ntgen gave this ray a name X-ray. Even though R?ntgen had no idea about the physical nature of X-ray, he realized its value in medical application; for this reason, he published his experimental report on X-ray not long from his discovery of X-ray.
Year1901 Germany bacteriologist Emil Adolf von Behring won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1901 for his successful treatment to a child with diphtheria disease using diphtheria antitoxinserum developed by himself, by which he had opened a new road in the domain of medical science against illness and deaths in the 20th century.
Year 1902 The Netherlands experimental physicist Hendrik Antoon Lorentz and his student Pieter Zeeman discovered "Zeeman Effect". Zeeman observed the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena directly from Na flame spectrum through a set of experiment device designed by himself. This phenomenon later was named as "Zeeman Effect". The discovery of "Zeeman Effect" further proves that light indeed is a kind of electromagnetic wave.
Year1902 Malaria once was a kind of disease greatly harmful to human health and causing large number of deaths. In the end of 19th century, at least 300 million people worldwide were suffered from Malaria disease each year and 3 million of them died of such disease. Before that, the medical circle in western countries believed that quinine would be a kind of special weapon to combat Malaria disease, since Malaria disease pathogeny always remained fuzzy and unclear. For thoroughly getting rid of malaria, French physician Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran first declared his assumption that malaria came from plasmodium infection. For proving this assumption, British physician Ronald Ross sacrificed his life to make site investigation deep down to Indian malaria stricken area to prove that malaria came from plasmodium infection together with his proposal to prevent from malaria by exterminating plasmodium. Thanks to his proposal and its implementation, malaria epidemic trend was effectively controlled. Ronald Ross also won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1902 for his work on malaria.
Year 1903 French experimental physicist Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered the radioactivity of uranium substances. Soon after, Mr./Mrs. Curie discovered radioactive elements polonium and radium by their joint researches in very simple and poor conditions. Antoine Henri Becquerel and Mr./Mrs Curie shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for the foregoing monumental discoveries.
Year 1903 Denmark physician Niels Ryberg Finsen is the father of light therapy. Through years' researches by Finsen who had long suffered from illness since he was a child, he discovered infrared ray was able to accelerate smallpox recovery. Implied by this discovery, he made great success in treatment of lupus vulgaris with infrared ray which drove him as the father of light therapy; also Niels Ryberg Finsen won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1903 for his contribution to the treatment of lupus vulgaris with concentrated light radiation.
Year 1903 Swedish Svante August Arrhenius won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1903. He won this prize in recognition of his electrolytic theory of dissociation relating to chemical reaction essence. According to his theory, only ions were joined into chemical reactions in solutions. The so-called ion means atom or atom group that missed or acquired electron. Whereof, positive charged atom or atom group is called positive ion, while negative charged atom or atom group is called negative ion. This is also the reason why solution is able to conduct electricity and further boost chemical reaction because positive and negative ions exist in the solution.
Year 1904 In 1984, William Ramsay and Rayleigh discovered inert gaseous element argon. The next year, William Ramsay once again discovered helium that had been discovered by French chemist Janssen before in radioactive mineral. Since 1898, William Ramsay discovered krypton, neon and xenon within a short of period continuously. In 1900, he discovered radon with assistance of others. So, the six kinds of inert gaseous elements in the periodic system had been discovered by William Ramsay. More than that, William Ramsay worked out their chemical natures through experiments and determined their place in the periodic system. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1904 was awarded to William Ramsay in recognition of his great achievements.
Year 1904 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medical 1904 for his great achievements in the physiology of digestion. He was the first winner among all physiologists also the first Russian wining the Nobel Prizes. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov first discovered the dominating role of nervous system in digestion system and digestion process. The main reason why Ivan Petrovich Pavlov won the Nobel Prize 1904 is in recognition of his achievements on the physiology of digestion rather than his theory of human higher nervous activity conditioned reflex.
Year 1906 British experimental physicist Joseph John Thomson discovered the electron in 1897. The discovery of the electron has great significance for not only opening the door of atomic physics but also revealing the bright future of electronic technology. Joseph John Thomson won the Nobel Prize in Physics 1906 in recognition of his monumental discovery.
Year 1907 USA experimental physicists Albert Abraham Michelson and Morley carried out the famous experiment known as "ether drift experiment" in 1887. This experimental result provided direct experimental evidence to negate the existence of ether in physics and also offered valuable experimental evidence for the establishment of Einstein's restricted theory of relativity. Albert Abraham Michelson did not won any prize for his discovery until 1907 he became the winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics 1907. Also, this was the first time the Nobel Committee gave the floor to American scientists on the Nobel Awarding Ceremony.
Year 1908 Paul Ehrlich, the winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908, was such a person who was always be indomitable to difficulties. Through unremitting efforts, Paul Ehrlich successively synthesized a series of chemical drugs numbered as 594, 606 and 914. When he found that 606 had curative effect on African sleeping sickness, he began to experience many experiments together with his Japanese student until he made great success in the treatment of syphilis with 606, since then human thoroughly conquered this pertinacious disease.
Year 1911 Mrs. Marie Curie became the second-time winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911 in recognition of her discoveries of polonium and radium. As of today, Mrs. Marie Curie is only female winner being awarded with the Nobel Prize twice.
Year 1913 The Netherlands physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes first in 1908 discovered that some metals in low temperature showed superconducting phenomenon, and with his further researches on this domain, he established some physics branches including low-temperature physics and superconducting physics; in recognition of his contribution in this regard, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics 1913.
Year 1921 Frederick Soddy is the man who first revealed the concept of isotopes in 1910; soon after in the next year, he proposed the assumption of isotopes, i.e., a same chemical element has two or more than two kinds of variations, and such phenomenon may be common for all elements'existence. Frederick Soddy also discovered independently by his own in his experiments more than 40 kinds of isotopes. For his contribution to his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes, he was awarded with the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921.
Year 1923 Diabetes is a kind of pertinacious diseases greatly harmful to human health. In 1922, Scotland physiologist Richard Macleod and Canadian physician Frederick Grant Banting published their paper on the treatment of diabetes with insulin. This release attracted wide attention in western countries. Before that, both of them had experienced a series of interim experiments of controlling the development of diabetes with the abstracted insulin and made success in these experiments. They shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923 for the discovery of insulin.
Year 1924 The mechanism of electrocardiogram was discovered by the Netherlands pathologist Willem Einthoven. When he made his first electrocardiogram machine, he recorded the world first patient's electrocardiogram with his electrocardiogram machine. Through 20 years' hardworking till 1901, his electrocardiogram machine finally was applied to clinical diagnosis. For his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram, Willem Einthoven was awarded with the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1924.
Year 1930 Indian experimental physicist Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman discovered "Raman Effect" of visible light similar to Compton Effect. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 for the discovery of the effect named after him, also he was the first Asian people wining the Nobel Prize in Physics in history.
Year 1930 Human blood grouping and blood type determination are the physiological foundation of surgical operation. By the end of the 19th century, blood transfusion was already applied to parturient and other surgical operations. However, due to lack of knowledge about the physiology of human blood type, medical accidents were frequently taken place. Since 1900, American Austrian pathologist Karl Landsteiner began to work on human blood grouping and research on the physiology of blood transfusion, and in the same year, he discovered human ABO blood system. The so-called ABO blood system means that the majority of human blood can be classified into Type A, Type B, Type O and Type AB blood. Moreover, he also discovered that four kinds of blood types in ABO blood system were possible for blood transfusion. This discovery of Karl Landsteiner provided the physiological foundations for blood transfusion and acceptance in surgical operations. Karl Landsteiner won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930 for his contribution in the discovery of ABO blood system as well as the discovery of the possibility of four kinds of blood transfusion and acceptance relationship.
Year 1933 In 1910, Thomas Hunt Morgan and his assistants further proved in their fruit fly heredity experiment the existence of Mendel Factor as well as the heredity separation law and free combination law discovered by Mendel before, in addition, they made two important discoveries: the discovery of gene's location in chromosome and the discovery of heredity's gene interlocking and crossing-over law. Based on the fruit fly heredity experiments, Morgan also established the gene theory as the basic foundation of Morgan theory. Morgan's achievements in genetics was great meaningful to not only biology but also physiology. For this reason, Karolinska Institutet Sweden award the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to a biologist for the first time in history.
Year 1934 USA nuclear chemist Harold Clayton Urey is another winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his remarkable nuclear chemistry achievements. In 1931, Harold Clayton Urey discovered the isotopes of hydrogen¡ªheavy hydrogen. Heavy hydrogen is deuterium and the oxide of deuterium is heavy water. The discovery of heavy hydrogen has great significance to nuclear fission reaction and hydrogen nucleus fusion reaction. For uranium nucleus fission, heavy water can be used as a kind of decelerator to uranium nucleus fission. For hydrogen nucleus fusion, deuterium can be used as a kind of important energy to thermonuclear reaction. Harold Clayton Urey won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1934 for his discovery of heavy hydrogen as well as for the great significance of this discovery.
Year 1935 In 1932, Rutherford's student James Chadwick discovered a kind of neutral particle with powerful penetrability. The discovery of the neutron opened the door for human to know the internal structure of atomic nucleus on the one hand, and on the other hand it provided human with more effective experimental measures to investigate into manual nuclear reactions. James Chadwick won the Nobel Prize in Physics 1935 for his discovery of the neutron.
Year 1938 Italian experimental physicist Enrico Fermi worked on manual nuclear reaction with the neutron. When bombed with the neutron 92 kinds of known elements one by one, he discovered not only the isotopes of many elements but also the famous slow neutron effect, i.e., the slow neutron decelerated by paraffin wax is found more easily to cause manual nuclear reaction. Enrico Fermi won the Nobel Prize in Physics 1938 for his discovery of slow neutrons and also his discovery has laid initial foundations for future development of nuclear energy technologies.
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Organizer:
Beijing Municipal Association for Science & Technology
Undertaker: Beijing Science & Technology
Consulting Center,
Information Center of Beijing Municipal Association for
Science & Technology |
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