2008-11-13

1913, the Netherlands experimental physicist Onnes, in 1908 for the first time he found some of the low temperature superconducting metal there, and thus opened up the low-temperature physics and superconductivity physics of these new branch of physics, In order to receive the Prize in Physics that year.

1921 years in 1910, the first Soddy put forward the concept of the isotope, and the following year he put forward the hypothesis isotopes, that is, the same chemical element has two or more varieties of the existence of elements may be the existence of a common phenomenon. Soddy experiment also found a number of independent elements of the more than 40 kinds of isotopes. In this way, he won the 1921 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

1923 years of diabetes is a serious threat to human health of the chronic problem. In 1922, Scottish physiologist MacLeod and Canada Banting medical experts, published at the same time using insulin to treat diabetes paper. The news immediately caused by the medical profession in the West a huge sensation. Prior to that, they have been through the middle of a series of experiments, they extracted insulin to control diabetes patients achieved success. In this way, they will share the 1923 Nobel Prize in Medicine.

1930 in India Raman experimental physicists found that the visible light similar to the Compton effect of the "Raman effect." He won the physics prize in 1930, became the first Asian to receive this award.

1934 in the United States Yuri is a nuclear chemist nuclear chemistry award-winning results of another well-known nuclear chemist. In 1931, Yuri first found the hydrogen isotope deuterium. Deuterium is heavy hydrogen, and deuterium oxide is heavy water. Re-discovery of hydrogen for nuclear fission reaction of hydrogen and nuclear fusion reaction is of great significance. The nuclear fission of uranium, heavy water nuclear fission of uranium can slow down the agent. For hydrogen fusion, the deuterium is used as an important energy thermonuclear reaction. It is due to the re-discovery of hydrogen technologies is of great significance, Yuri also received the 1934 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

1935 years in 1932, Fu Lu Qin students and assistants in the experimental Chadwick found a strong penetration of neutral particles, neutrons, on the one hand, opened the nuclei of human understanding of the internal structure of the door, on the other hand For further human study of nuclear reaction manual provides a more effective means of experiments. Chadwick also won the 1935 Prize in Physics

1938 in Italy experimental physicist at the Fermi at the University of Rome to switch to manual neutron nuclear reaction. When he was known at the time of the neutron 92 elements one by one bombardment experiment, not only found a number of elements of the isotope, and found a well-known slow neutron effect, that is, through paraffin after the slowdown caused by the slow neutron more Artificial nuclear reaction. It is precisely for this great experiment found that the Fermi in 1938 received the Nobel Prize in Physics for the later development of nuclear technology have laid a technological basis of the preliminary.

1939 in the United States of Lawrence, in 1932, designed and developed the world¡¯s first cyclotron. This accelerator can be used in nuclear physics experiments can be used in the early experimental particle physics, he alone won the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics.

1939 years in 1935, Mark published a report of the experimental drug, immediately raised a series of sulfa drugs invented. In this way, sulfa drugs on the human conquest of the various types of streptococcus infection of the disease and effective drug. In 1939, from the United States, France, Britain and other countries nominated by medical scientists, Mark was awarded the Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine. When the reply, said Mark more than willing to reward, but Hitler¡¯s Gestapo arrested him. This more than makes mark until the end of World War II before going to Stockholm to accept the award official.

1945 years before the invention of sulfa drugs, penicillin has long been in Britain in 1928 by Alexander Fleming discovered. In 1938, Oxford University¡¯s Florian pathologists and pathology Chain chemists and others to carry out cooperation in research and development of penicillin, and finally in 1940 the first successful development of penicillin products. After a series of animal experiments in the middle, penicillin proved to the Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and other bacterial infections of the disease that we do have a special effect. In 1941, into clinical use of penicillin to be successful, the realization of industrial production in 1943.

In 1945, the year the Nobel Foundation Prize in Medicine awarded to the discovery of penicillin of the three founders: Fleming, Florey and Chain. Three of them to life as a defender of the great achievements of the exploits, will always remain a towering monument in the hearts of all mankind.

1952 penicillin three years and fathers, another was always cherish the memory of the fathers antibiotic streptomycin was discovered in the United States microbiologist Waxman. In 1939, Waxman found in the soil from a chain wire bacteria. After experimental study, he found that chain wire for the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis have a strong role in the suppression and destruction. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is caused by diseases such as tuberculosis bacteria, and at that time have been put into clinical use of penicillin does not work for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this way, invention and discovery of streptomycin, has become an effective antibiotic treatment of tuberculosis, Waxman also won the 1952 Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine.

1954 years in 1948, the U.S. medical scientists Enders and his two assistants Weller Robbins and co-operation successfully invented in vitro cultivation of polio virus, a simple method. It is to Enders, and other human-based approach, the United States virologist Salk and Sabin has developed a prevention of polio, "Salk vaccine" and "Sabin vaccine." Since then, the only human out of the shadow of polio. In recognition of Enders, Weller and Robbins made pioneering contributions to the 1954 annual award of the Nobel Prize in Medicine for their three.

"Beijing Youth Daily" on December 10, 2001
Source: From: People¡¯s Network on February 25, 2003