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  A Glance Over the Past 100 Years  
Nobel Prize Winners' List 1990---1999

2007-9-25

The 90th Nobel Laureates on December 10, 1990
American scientist Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall and Canadian scientist Richard E. Taylor won the Nobel Prize in Physics for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics.
American scientist Elias James Corey won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis.
American doctor Joseph E. Murray and E. Donnall Thomas shard the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease. 
Mexico writer Octavio Paz won the Nobel Prize in Literature for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity.
The President of USSR Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev won the Nobel Peace Prize.
American economists Harry M. Markowitz, Merton H. Miller and William F.Sharpe shared the Nobel Prize in Economics for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics.
The 91st Nobel Laureates on December 10, 1991
French scientist Pierre-Gilles de Gennes won the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers.
Switzerland scientist Richard R. Ernst won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
Germany scientist Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells.
South Africa female writer Nadine Gordimer won the Nobel Prize in Literature for his her novel "A Guest of Honour", "July's People" and "A Sport of Nature", etc.
Aung San Suu Kyi, leader of Burma National League for Democracy, won the Nobel Peace Prize.
American economist Ronald H. Coase won the Nobel Prize in Economics for his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy.
The 92nd Nobel Laureates on December 10, 1992
French scientist Georges Charpak won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber.
American scientist Rudolph A. Marcus won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems.
American scientists Edmond H. Fischer and Edwin G. Krebs won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism.
Saint Lucia writer Derek Walcott won the Nobel Prize in Literature for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment. 
Guatemala female politician Rigoberta Mench¨² Tum won the Nobel Prize in recognition of her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples.
American writer Gary S. Becker won the Nobel Prize in Economics for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour.
The 39th Nobel Laureates on December 10, 1993
American scientists Russell A. Hulse and Joseph H. Taylor shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation.
American scientist Kary B. Mullis for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and Canadian scientist Michael Smith for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
British scientist Richard J. Roberts and American scientist Phillip A.Sharp won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries of split genes.
American writer Toni Morrison won the Nobel Prize in Literature for "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality".
The leader of the black people in South Africa Nelson Mandela and the President of South Africa Frederik Willem de Klerk shared the Nobel Peace Prize for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa.
American economist Robert W. Fogel won the Nobel Prize in Economics for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change.
The 94th Nobel Laureates on December 10, 1994
Canadian scientist Bertram N. Brockhouse and American scientist Clifford G. Shull shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for their pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter.
American scientist George A. Olah won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his contribution to carbocation chemistry. 
American scientists Alfred G. Gilman and Martin Rodbell won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells.
American mathematician John F. Nash, John C. Harsanyi and Reinhard Selten won the Nobel Prize in Economics for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games.
The 95th Nobel Laureates on December 10, 1995
American scientist Martin L. Perl and Frederick Reines shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for their pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics.
Germany scientist Paul J. Crutzen, American scientist Mario J. Molina and F. Sherwood Rowland shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone.
American scientist Edward B. Lewis, Eric F. Wieschaus and Germany scientist Eric F. Wieschaus shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development.
American scientist Robert E. Lucas won the Nobel Prize in Economics for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy.
The 96th Nobel Laureates on December 10, 1996
American scientists David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff and Robert C. Richardson shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3. 
American scientists Robert F. Curl, Richard E. Smalley and British scientist Harold W. Kroto shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their discovery of fullerenes.
Australian scientist Peter C. Doherty and Switzerland scientist Rolf M. Zinkernagel shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence.
American scientist James A. Mirrlees and William Vickrey won the Nobel Prize in Economics for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information.
The 97th Nobel Laureates on December 10, 1997
American Chinese scientist Steven Chu, American scientist William D. Phillips and French scientist Claude Cohen-Tannoudji shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light. 
American scientist Paul D. Boyer, British scientist John E. Walker and Denmark scientist Jens C.Skou shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry respectively for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase.
American scientist Stanley B. Prusiner won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection. 
American scientist Myron S. Scholes and Robert C. Merton shared the Nobel Prize in Economics for a new method to determine the value of derivatives.
The 98th Nobel Laureates on December 10, 1998
American scientists Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. St?rmer and American scientist Daniel C. Tsui shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations. 
Amartya Sen won the Nobel Prize in Economics for his contributions to welfare economics.
The 99th Nobel Laureates on December 10, 1999
The Netherlands scientists Gerardus 't Hooft and Martinus J.G. Veltman shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics. 
Canadian economist Robert A. Mundell won the Nobel Prize in Economics for his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas.
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Organizer: Beijing Municipal Association for Science & Technology
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